One Must Search for Beauty in All Things :: Law College Admissions Essays

One Must Search for Beauty in All Things  I never had the advantage of an otherworldly guide. Nobody at any point directed me to â€Å"search for magnificence in all things†. Maybe it is generally gainful to get familiar with certain things through experience.  I fled from an injurious stepfather and a heavy drinker mother when I was thirteen and it was the best choice I at any point made. I rested on housetops and corridors for a year before the state took care of me and put me in a gathering home. Throughout the following four years I would live in a few distinct homes running from a hundred youngsters to under ten and go to four diverse secondary schools. At last however, I completed secondary school on schedule and with distinction.  Gathering homes are an odd spot to experience childhood in. There is a structure. Supper is eaten at a specific time and after eleven o'clock everybody goes upstairs. There are case surveys and compulsory gatherings with social laborers. We would alternate doing the dishes and getting ready dinners. A portion of the gathering homes I was in are bolted offices where the youngsters just go out for explicit exercises. Be that as it may, bunch homes are additionally rebellious. They are packed. Most of the kids are on a type of probation. Brutality is uncontrolled. Upstairs there are pack gatherings, freehand tattoos, and rounds of shakers. Alcohol and hard medications are normal. While we were required to leave in the first part of the day, we were not required to go to class, and all things considered, most children didn't complete secondary school.  From various perspectives, the gathering homes characterized who I am, much the manner in which an individual's family and childhood would characterize them. The center of my worth framework was shaped during the early stages of fourteen to eighteen. In the gathering I figured out how to be perceiving without being critical. With my companions I had the option to go into the areas where they grew up, neighborhoods I could always have been unable to go into something else. For some time I lived in a home opposite the Robert Taylor Projects, the biggest lodging ventures on the planet. In these gathering homes I met the individuals who despite everything comprise my family.  For me the gathering homes were a positive encounter, for most they are definitely not. I was lucky in that I was somewhat more determined, and possibly somewhat more insightful than the normal child in my conditions. One Must Search for Beauty in All Things :: Law College Admissions Essays One Must Search for Beauty in All Things  I never had the advantage of an otherworldly guide. Nobody at any point directed me to â€Å"search for magnificence in all things†. Maybe it is generally helpful to get familiar with certain things through experience.  I fled from an oppressive stepfather and a drunkard mother when I was thirteen and it was the best choice I at any point made. I dozed on housetops and foyers for a year before the state took care of me and put me in a gathering home. Throughout the following four years I would live in a few distinct homes going from a hundred kids to under ten and go to four diverse secondary schools. Eventually however, I completed secondary school on schedule and with distinction.  Gathering homes are a weird spot to experience childhood in. There is a structure. Supper is eaten at a specific time and after eleven o'clock everybody goes upstairs. There are case audits and required gatherings with social laborers. We would alternate doing the dishes and planning suppers. A portion of the gathering homes I was in are bolted offices where the youngsters just go out for explicit exercises. Be that as it may, bunch homes are likewise rebellious. They are packed. Most of the youngsters are on a type of probation. Viciousness is widespread. Upstairs there are pack gatherings, freehand tattoos, and rounds of bones. Alcohol and hard medications are normal. While we were required to leave in the first part of the day, we were not required to go to class, and in that capacity, most children didn't complete secondary school.  From various perspectives, the gathering homes characterized who I am, much the manner in which an individual's family and childhood would characterize them. The center of my worth framework was shaped during the early stages of fourteen to eighteen. In the gathering I figured out how to be perceiving without being critical. With my companions I had the option to go into the areas where they grew up, neighborhoods I could always have been unable to go into something else. For some time I lived in a home opposite the Robert Taylor Projects, the biggest lodging ventures on the planet. In these gathering homes I met the individuals who despite everything establish my family.  For me the gathering homes were a positive encounter, for most they are definitely not. I was blessed in that I was somewhat more determined, and possibly somewhat more savvy than the normal child in my conditions.

History of education Essay

Tamil Nadu is respected to be one of India’s star entertainers in the division of basic instruction. The aftereffects of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has accomplished third situation behind Kerala and Maharashtra both as far as generally speaking and female proficiency. It recorded near 100 percent net enrolment proportion (GER) at essential and upper essential levels dependent on 2007 evaluations. A significant authoritative exertion for the universalisation of instruction in accordance with the protected order has been the presentation of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the obligation of the legislature to give the essential foundation (schools and educators) for guaranteeing universalisation of rudimentary instruction. Guardians are additionally at risk to be fined on the off chance that they don't send their wards to class, however this standard isn't carefully authorized as the greater part of the kids not going to class originate from poor foundations. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment measurements are additionally the consequence of the quantity of government assistance plots that the State government has presented in the rudimentary instruction segment. The huge number of minister and non-public schools are likewise assuming a job in the spread of training. The legislature gives course readings, regalia and early afternoon suppers to the students making it a State where the per youngster spending is a lot higher than in instructively in reverse States, for example, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India normal. The State is making an undertaking to give elementary schools inside a one km span of human homes with a populace of 300 or more to expand their availability. It is likewise a State that has really burned through the majority of the assets allotted to it by the Center under the SSA conspire, as opposed to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have colossal unspent sums. Tamil Nadu understudies stood first in the nation in science, language and perusing perception aptitudes as per the national mid-term accomplishment review of Class III kids dispatched by the NCERT in a joint effort with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States as of late. In any case, it has become known that neighborhood bodies like organizations and districts are not completely using cash gathered as training charge as a level of property charge under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is influencing the quality and amount of formal instruction arrangement at the grassroots level. While the general education rate in Tamil Nadu according to 2001 information is 73. 5%, wide variations exist across locale, sex, and zone of living arrangement just as social gathering. The education pace of the SC and ST populaces are reliably lower in all the regions. The standard for dependability inside and after the elementary school level is likewise not exceptionally great and there is a high level of repeaters. This is especially so on account of the STs and SCs. It is to conquered this disparity between training offered in various types of schools, among country and urban schools and to beat different various ills that have crawled into the instruction systemâ€such as discretionary assortment of charges, enlistment of every day pursued, deficiently qualified para educators, repetition learning, assessment stress, issues identified with the mode of guidance thus onâ€that the State government comprised the Muthukumaran Committee, which presented its report in 2007. This council had the order to work out a system of a uniform example of training in Tamil Nadu and to make proposals for improving its quality. The report of the Committee suggests just a single self-governing board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, rather than the current four State level boardsâ€Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools going under this incorporated Board would follow a typical prospectus guaranteeing an impartial school training in the State not deliberating any undue points of interest as to entrance into higher instructive foundations for understudies finishing their school training from one specific Board. Impartial standard instruction is to be given by a Common School or Neighborhood School framework, which with uniform schedules would help to ‘decommercialise’ instructive foundations and shut down numerous a private administration that doesn't feel adequately responsible to society in this vital division. The spiraling expense of training beginning at the nursery level is establishing station class and rustic urban divisions. A typical educational system utilizing the native language as a vehicle of guidance would make equivalent instruction open to all without segregation. A typical educational system additionally implies a typical assessment design. The report of the Committee advocates a sensible educator understudy proportion of not more than 1:30 and getting rid of broken course readings and an arrangement of repetition learning. It accentuates the advancement of diagnostic and judicious abilities that would prepare the understudies to learn without anyone else; a testing and assessment design that includes the utilization of ideas adapted as opposed to unimportant proliferation of realities. The school schedule ought not over-burden understudies with data however rather arouse their enthusiasm for the subject and show them how to scan for more data and conceptualize it. Customary information ought to be consolidated and made piece of school instruction. Assessment should be complete and not simply of scholastic accomplishments, and that too just checks based. Assessment ought to incorporate an evaluation of understudy capacities and execution in scholastics, expressions of the human experience, sports and games, values, understanding propensities, character, lead and other extra-curricular exercises. Schools ought lay accentuation on scholastic subjects as well as on moral training. Here the Committee recommends that it might be smarter to have an advancement book with sections produced using time to time and furthermore intermittently sent to the guardians so they might be gained mindful of their child’s ground. Standard meeting with guardians about their wards’ progress and accomplishments and instructive objectives is an absolute necessity. A piece of paper containing marks got in open tests isn't sufficient to comprehend a student’s advancement and potential. In the event that the imprints got in just a single test will choose the person’s entrance into an establishment of higher learning then all pressure is on planning for this test dismissing different tests and exercises. The possibility or impulse to enjoy acts of neglect is additionally high. Imprints got in a one-time test additionally are no precise impression of the student’s real information and accomplishment level and potential. Regarding tests and stamps as more significant than life itself has implied the passing of numerous an understudy. At last, youngsters having a place with phonetic minorities ought to be permitted to pick up guidance in their separate first language, while all understudies in measures 5 or 8 should have a particular degree of information in Tamil and English so these dialects can be utilized for correspondence. No understudy ought to be dropped and he/she ought to be permitted to develop in the picked field of intrigue and as per their individual capacity. A basic pass or fall flat ought to surely not be a main factor in a person’s life. While the administration has acknowledged the thought of one board for school training other significant suggestions of the Muthukumaran Committee on instruction changes are being sidelined by the State government. Truth be told, some administration run schools are changing the mode of guidance to English and not all schools show Tamil, however this is necessary according to current State instruction law. Besides, schools with an eye on the outcomes in board tests and focusing on future worthwhile vocation opportunities for their understudies are presenting current European dialects like French (German is holding back to be presented for a bigger scope on the school level) that are probably high scoring subjects in contrast with Tamil, which apparently is troublesome even by those whose primary language it is. There is wherever a mass migration from government run schools to supported or tuition based schools in view of the apparent better quality and the draw of English medium training, which is respected by guardians to be important in today’s world. It is to stay reasonable and not miss out in this opposition for understudies that administration run schools are progressively offering English medium guidance additionally, in spite of the fact that the English medium areas are allowed distinctly on a self-financing premise. The rejection of significant proposals by the Muthukumaran board of trustees is in this way in accordance with the general master globalization pattern in the Tamil Nadu economy all in all. Current training framework Why is India still a creating nation and what is preventing it from being a created nation? India’s instruction framework as a hindrance towards its goals of accomplishing comprehensive development. India is going to encounter a mystery of about 90 million individuals joining the workforce however the vast majority of them will need requiste abilities and the outlook for productiveemployment as per a report in DNA. India has around 550 million individuals younger than 25 years out of which just 11% are taken a crack at tertiary organizations contrasted with the world normal of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the instruction system’s disappointment is prompting another social issue of pay disparity and henceforth, propose certain strategies to improve India’s training framework and decrease imbalance. Issues and downsides The extremely basic part of Indian state funded instruction framework is its low quality. The genuine amount of tutoring that kids understanding and the nature of training they get are amazingly lacking ingovernment schools. A typical element in all administration schools is the low quality of training, with frail foundation and deficient instructive consideration. What the g

Abercrombie And Fitch Within Us And Uk Market Essay

Abercrombie And Fitch Within Us And Uk Market Essay The analysis of Abercrombie and Fitch company presence on markets of the United States and the United Kingdom is not an easy task. Its explanation could take us a long time to explain, but aiming to answer the question asked in the task, I will try to put it short. So, let’s analyze the marketing strategies and improvements of the brand presence on the market. Advantages of the brand The first thing which catches an eye of a marketing specialist when talking about this brand is that they strive to have something to offer to representatives of different age groups. Thus, parents can get clothes for their children and young adults. Meanwhile, the youth also has a variety of option within the store. So, no matter what your age group is, you can always find something for yourself. Besides, they strive to be associated with the lifestyle of the youth. And thanks to professional approach, their markets get most of their revenues thanks to this position. Presence in the US and UK markets It is interesting enough that most of the stores of AF are located in the United States mostly due to the fact that this is the country the store originated at. However, according to the official data, the major deal of its revenue comes from European stores. It is a result of bad planning and poor organization of the distribution channels. Moreover, according to the Forbes, the store moved down the list of most recognized brands worldwide. Today, they are on the 550th place which is twenty-six points lower than only a few years ago. After the company management had realized that their venture is going through some hard times, they took measures both in the US and UK to promote the brand. Thus, that is when they started taking pictures of their employees for their marketing campaign to connect their brand with real-life people. Not only all their posters contain partially naked models but also they are shot at the places most people know about. The stores became more open. Thus, instead of keeping the inside of each store certain intrigue, they made the window shopping at their stores possible. Now, when passing by the store, one cannot but gaze into beautiful designs of clothes available there. Finally, their latest move was to make the franchise option possible for many different countries. Aiming to increase their revenue, the company’s management is trying to increase their influence on an international level. All in all, Abercrombie and Fitch take compatible positions both in the UK and US markets. With only a few changes added to the overall system and functioning of the venture, they can easily gain their positions back as well as even increase their presence. This company with its long history is of much interest to marketing specialists, as they can see how the management adjusts to the slightest changes in the market and make their product even more attractive and acceptable to the potential clients. So, investigating more about how this venture functions can help businesspeople understand the most effective practices of business.

The Strategy of MAERSK Line Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Maersk s pursuit to successfully use concept outlined in the insight to identify the demographic segmentation, in which, the strategic management team will provide the organization correct protocols to implement. Some of the designed protocols that Maersk strategies applied is the methodology for achieving identifies and managing the current shipping trends. The targeted demographic is to divide the market into segments of customers and serving them directly with specific needs (Johnson and Zawawi 2000). In doing so, the innovations for structuring the organization will provide a stronger foundation towards reaching success in the shipping industry. The benefits provide the customer base the superior product or service due to a more defined innovation of Maersk s organizational structure. Over 100,000 customers globally More than 325 offices in 125 countries 22,000 employees worldwide Maersk container shipping and related activities generated total revenue of over USD 28 billion and a total net profit of USD 205 million in 2008. More than 470 operated vessels A container fleet of more than 1.9 million container units An important element of our strategy is to keep up with technology To stay ahead of the competition and to secure flexible, reliable and yet cost-effective operations For example, we have used electronic email systems globally for more than 25 years Today, more than four out of five of our bookings are done electronically Evaluation of strategic capabilities of Maersk and how it competes in the shipping industryThe streamline strategy was announced in December 2007, in which the application of improving competencies proved beneficial (Maersk 20100.We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy of MAERSK Line or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The following is an analysis that highlights the core strategic conclusions: Crucial to delivering on the parameters that are decisive factors for our customers Reduce complexity and make processes more simple for the customers and ourselves Positive effects of separating Maersk Line, Maersk Logistics, and other container business activities in order for each company to focus on its core competencies Ensure satisfactory financial results these changes had to be carried out with immediate effect

Alcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of...

Alcohol is a very popular drink for those that are of legal drinking age. The legal drinking age in the United States is currently 21. Sadly, many teens that are not of legal drinking age consume alcohol while being under age. They believe that they are old enough to handle its effects, and that it is the cool thing to do. The legal drinking age should not be lowered because many teens cannot handle the effects of alcohol or the responsibility that come with the consumption of alcohol. It could harm them mentally, emotionally, physically, or possibly get them killed because of bad decision making. Alcohol is a drug; drugs are not good for anyone, no matter the age. Teens are simply not able to handle the effects of alcohol, and†¦show more content†¦Frequent drinking can cause damage to anyone, not just in teens, which cannot be fixed in the long run. The behavioral effects of alcohol can causes teens to have an increased risk of social altercations. Which include dep ression, suicidal thoughts, and even acts of violence toward their peers? Teenage drinking can take a toll on someone’s life, by physically damaging their own body and harming others around them. Alcohol has a very strong influence on an individual’s decision making skill and how they interoperate their surroundings. When drinking many teens thinks it is okay to get in the car and drive. They are very wrong. The majority of drunken driving accidents in the United States come from the age group 16-24. A Recent study showed that twenty-eight percent of 15-20-year-old that was involved in car crashes was under the influence of alcohol, making car crashes the number one cause of death for teens in the United States. In the year 2005, 7420 teens or were badly injured in alcohol related crashes (Driving para 1, 4). A total of eight teens die every day due to driving under the influence. Lowering the drinking age could very easily raise these numbers at an alarming rat e. The effects of alcohol can be brutal to an individual that is not properly developed and ready for them. Unless you are of legal drinking age, 21 years old, you should not be drinking at all. Lowering that age would do much more harm than good. Many more peopleShow MoreRelatedEssay about Keeping the Drinking Age at 211662 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to the subject of drinking and teenagers, what is the first thing that comes to mind? To me its the legal age limit of when teens should be able to drink. Having it lowered is controversial because according to prior experiences, data shows that younger age drinking is well known for its fatalities. According to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), on one of the most popular prom nights in 1999, as many as 62 percent of the traffic deaths were alcohol-related (). The most importantRead More Club Owners Must Not Allow Underage Drinking969 Words   |  4 PagesProhibiting nightclubs from admitting people under age twent y-one will take some weight off of parents, club owners, drivers and innocent bystanders. With the economy sinking, many owners are making what they believe a wise financial decision by allowing eighteen to twenty year olds in their clubs. They are mixing eighteen to twenty in with the twenty-one and up crowd, as failing clubs owners only see more people more money. Every night thousands of young adults eighteen to twenty years old are letRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age903 Words   |  4 Pagesmyself get a better understanding about how others feel about lowering the legal drinking age in the United States and to better understand what role alcohol plays in people’s lives. The first question I asked for in my survey, was what the participant’s age was. I used this question to see if there was a difference on how different generations felt towards lowering the legal drinking age. I was expecting more people over the age of 25 to take the quiz because I didnâ⠂¬â„¢t know if younger adults would takeRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Legal Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pages People drink liquor for various reasons; anxiety, celebration, insomnia etc. Teenagers fall under the category of â€Å"people†. The legal drinking age presently is twenty-one in the United States Of America. I can guarantee you that the underage drinking age rate would drop if the age were brought down. One of the reasons behind drinking is enjoyment but the primary purpose behind underage drinking is â€Å"breaking the law†. The law says an eighteen – year old is mature enough to make his/her lifeRead MoreTeenagers and Alcohol1584 Words   |  6 Pagesdon’t have is to be allowed to drink at the age of eighteen. Before an experienced adult would answer this question of whether or not teens should be allowed to drink, they need to ask themselves – should eighteen-year olds drink? Some people say yes because teenagers ar e responsible for their actions and should be able to have a little more leniency. Others say no, because teenagers are more likely to get into trouble with alcohol use and possible accidents due to drinking and driving. However a personRead MoreLowering Drinking Age Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences range from going to their first party to having their first alcoholic drink, and are sometimes as drastic as trying their first drug. Drinking alcoholic beverages is something that involves a lot of responsibility and can bring a plethora of negative consequences. This is the main reason why the United States has established a legal drinking age that I consider to be relatively high. With the legal drinking age being so high, while intending to avoid harmful situations, brings many repercussionsRead MoreThe Debate Over The Drinking Age1025 Words   |  5 Pageshave always wondered why the drinking age was raised to twenty-one. I have looked and researched the following inform ation but still don’t have a true explanation as to why it was raised to the age of twenty-one. The movement called Amethyst Initiative began recruiting university presidents to provoke national debate about the drinking age. College Presidents from about 100 of the nation’s universities, are calling on law makers to consider lowering the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen byRead MoreProhibiting Night Clubs1025 Words   |  5 Pages2/25/2013 Essay 1 Under aged Clubbing Prohibiting nightclubs from admitting people under age twenty-one will take some weight off of parents, club owners, drivers and innocent bystanders. With the economy sinking, many owners are making what they believe a wise financial decision by allowing eighteen to twenty year olds in their clubs. They are mixing eighteen to twenty in with the twenty-one and up crowd, as failing clubs’ owners only see more people and more money. Every night thousands of youngRead MoreUnderage Drinking Among Adolescents : Becoming A Problem2554 Words   |  11 PagesUnderage drinking among adolescents is becoming a problem in the nation s youth. The legal drinking age was decided in 1984 for 21 years of age in every state (Wechsler and Nelson 986-992). Although there was a movement proposed to reduce the legal drinking age to 18 in 2008. The movement was proposed from college presidents and universities, which discussed their ideas of the drinking age. Later signing the Amethyst Initiative, leading encouraging debates back and forth trying to lower the legal drinkingRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Advertising1655 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their products

Women, Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Despite our founding stating that all men are created equal, the course of history has proven otherwise. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, reforms were made, but the lack of equality still remained unresolved. Today the conquest for racial equality and reform still remains a prevalent issue in the United States. Authors like Alexis De Tocqueville, W.E.B DuBois, and Frederick Harris albeit from different time periods believed democratic reforms failed to eliminate the ‘tyranny of the white majority’ and the United States has continued to provide evidence to confirm that belief. For most of the 19th century slavery was established a backbone that kept the southern farming economy stable. Democracy in America documents De Tocqueville’s time in Americ a when there was massive charge by parts of the United States to abolish slavery. Though the reform had brought hope and possibly a new chance at equality for all, De Tocqueville had a very pessimistic view on the possible reform. De Tocqueville pessimistic views stemmed from an almost toxic relationship held between the relationship between white and black men. De Tocqueville believes even if slavery were to be abolished that the relationship between whites and blacks would still remain strained as white men wouldShow MoreRelatedHistory1408 Words   |  6 Pagespromises that defy this great nation that we have the rights of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson 36). On July 19th 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton a woman’s rights activist parodied Jefferson’s â€Å"Declaration of Independence† to make the point that women were not being treated as â€Å"equal† members of society or that were given our free rights that were promis ed in the â€Å"Declaration† (Stanton 42-46). As deprived as women were from being accepted as members of our society, African AmericanRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness In Thomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence837 Words   |  4 Pageswork he expressed mistreatment and oppression the colonies have endured under King George III. Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that the citizens on the American continent were to exercise their rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Jefferson’s revolutionary has vision been achieved in the United States in the present day. However, it is to an extent. The United States has come a long way from Jeffersons time and has vastly improved its system for the greaterRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : The Rights Of Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness854 Words   |  4 PagesRights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† Many groups of America ns such as African Americans, Native Americans, and women have been denied the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness – which is why the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† is a phrase that has been used loosely, as it was often contradicted throughout history. Liberty is the power to freely do and chose what one wants to do. As mentioned before women, Native Americans and African AmericansRead MoreThe Ideals of the Declaration of Independence862 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant because without life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the other three key ideals are not meaningful to the future of this young nation. Equality of men and women is extremely important even in American society in recent times. It is the reason that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his life to make sure that African-Americans would have the very same rights as any other American citizen. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal† (DeclarationRead MoreUnited States Political Culture754 Words   |  4 Pageswhere â€Å"Big Brother† is watching you at all times. The political culture of the Untied States, thankfully, is a much more democratic and freeing environment. â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness...† is what we live by, not â€Å"Freedom is slavery.† The political culture of the United States is made up of two main concepts: liberty and equality. These will be discussed in this paper. United States; a country founded by people pursuing religious freedom from the monarchist world of Europe, howeverRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Declaration Of Independence960 Words   |  4 Pagesstating that men are created equal and that all men have basic human rights given to them by God. The purpose of a government, according to the Founding Fathers, was to protect the basic human rights which Jefferson listed as â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† However, the deplorable institution of slavery prospered after America gained its independence. African Americans were denied natural rights and were not treated equally. Essentially, the Declaration of Independence expresses wonderfulRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : The United States1552 Words   |  7 Pages The Document that Lead to Freedom America is known by people all over the world as a country that firmly believes that everyone has the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This however was not always the case for the United States. It was once ruled by King George III, and the American people were under the control of the British Parliament. It is what the founding fathers of our country fought for, that made it possible for the United States to be what our country is today.Read MoreEssay On How Have We Fail1123 Words   |  5 PagesHow Have We Failed America has been failing to live up to the expectations of its founding fathers since the very beginning. Our founding fathers had envisioned a country that would ensure equality, justice, and liberty for all while carrying out general welfare and ensuring domestic tranquility. It should have been our first and foremost duty to make that vision a reality since these values are the very foundation of America. But throughout history, America has suffered from racism, injustice, exploitationRead MoreI Do Not Dislike My Mother Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagesfairly simple. I believe in freedom and the right of each of us to choose our own path. How can I, a polygamous, bisexual women, possibly seek to live my days as I please, and, then, criticize another person for doing things the way they believe is right, however different? I do not have to agree with the choices they make. Nevertheless, if we, as individuals, believe in liberty and freedom, why do a significant amount of people find it so difficult to accept a life different from their own? MarriageRead MoreRelationships And Culture Of Early 19th Century America And Their Ramifications1526 Words   |  7 PagesCulture of Early 19th-Century America and their Ramifications Back in the early 1800s, the United States of America had been a country associated with the promise of liberty, autonomy from tyrannical rule, and the unalienable rights specified in the formative Declaration of Independence - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. As a consequence of the formation of the country and its promises, several diverse groups had flocked to the new world to enjoy new lives of prosperity, success, and

Organizing Public Good Provision Lessons From Managerial Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Organizing Public Good Provision for Lessons From Managerial Accounting? Answer: Introduction For a small business, the amount of profit is determined by the proper utilization of variable cost and absorption cost (Weygandt et al. 2015). An organization must understand the implication of each costing method that can be utilized in the organization. Each of the methods of costing, whether absorption or variable, is valid under the principle of Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP). In this assignment, variation involving absorption costing and variable costing will be presented, and an organization will be selected for analyzing the best costing method. Difference between absorption costing and variable costing All types of costs that an organization is bearing falls under absorption cost, which are fixed costs and cost of production. On the other hand, according to Needles Crosson, (2013), the types of variable costs that are related to organizations production fall under the variable costing. Certain companies that use variable costing keep the fixed costs and overhead costs separate from the cost of production. The types of fixed costs that distinguish abortion costing and variable costing are related to overhead expenses (Islam Hu, 2012). These costs include building rental and salaries that do not change with the level of production. An organization has to pay the utility bills and office rent every month was not considering whether it produces a thousand products or not a single product. The ideal pricing is not considered perfectly by variable costing as variable costing does not consider all the types of costing that an organization has to bear, and thus profitability is not achieved (Kwak et al. 2015). On the other hand, variable costing helps an organization to find out which product will deliver more profit while manufacturing than the other will. Absorption costing helps an organization to comply with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Absorption costing helps an organization to calculate and file its taxes. Absorption costing helps an organization to account for its net profitability specifically when the organization sells different products in a different accounting period (Khalil Simon, 2014). Through absorption costing, an organization does not get into account of the amount of profit that it will achieve for different product lines. Using Absorption Costing and Variable Costing An organization selected for this analysis is Bullard Company, which is the producer of clock radios. This organization uses Just-in-time method for production and thus it has a never-ending amount of inventory. The costing process is differentiated into three months. Month 1: Quantity of units produced equally with quantity of unit sold From the figure, it is identified that while the quantity of produced units is equal to the quantity of sold units, then the total profit is $90,000, which can be identical by both of the costing methods. With the help of absorption costing, fixed mechanized operating cost are entirely expensed as all the units that are created are sold (there is no ending inventory). On the other hand, with variable costing, fixed mechanized operating cost are treated to be the phase costs and so are constantly disbursed in the phase occurred. Just for the reason that all the costs are treated as the same without taking into account of the costing method utilized, profit is identical. Month 2: Quantity of units produced is greater than the quantity of unit sold In this month, absorption costing shows the higher profit. A fraction of fixed manufacturing overhead costs is found to be retained in the ending inventory, which is considered as the asset in the balance sheet, until the goods are sold. On the other hand, considering variable costing, the fixed manufacturing overhead costs is expensed in spite of a number of sales. Thus, when the quantity of unit production exceeds the quantity of sales, then the variable costing shows lower cost and higher income. The dissimilarity in amount of revenue by the two method = $ 4,000 [$ 79,000 - $ 75,000] Month 3: Quantity of units produced is lesser than the quantity of unit sold Using variable costing, $ 40,000 for fixed manufacturing overhead costs persists to be disbursed, as all the 10,000 units that are created are sold. For an additional 1000 units, $4,000 are pulled from the inventory in the third month is also expensed. Thus, it can be identified that when less amount of units are produced, then, absorption costing results in lower profit and higher cost. The difference amounting to profit in between two methods = $ 4,000. [$105,000 - $ 101,000] Method of costing to be used For the particular organization explained above, Absorption costing as to be utilized. With the help of such costing, the organization will be able to keep the right account of income in the balance sheet as soon as the inventory is required to be replenished. The absorption will help the organization when to sell its manufactured products at the time of accounting period (Brady Burrows, 2013). Each of the products in the inventory has the fixed overhead value, and the manufacturer assigns a per-unit price of each of the fixed expense. The organization will be able to show the amount of expense until the items in the inventory are sold or processed out. This costing method will help in improving the amount of profit in the organization. The organization will be able to keep a current record of its profits regarding the amount of inventory that is involved. The organization is using the just-in-time method and thus the amount of inventory is to be recorded from time to time and accor ding to the amount of inventory, the revenue generated will be kept as a record in the balance sheet and thus, cash flow will be controlled (Arruada Hansen, 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be identified that both absorption and variable costing is required for an organization. Still, it has to be considered that absorption costing will affect in the profit figures, as the costing process will artificially inflate the profit. This is because, for the organization considered above, the manufacturer will not deduct the total amounts of fixed overhead costs, if the manufactured products are not sold. This will hamper in the profit and loss statement, as it will not denote the total amount of expenses that the manufacturer had in one particular phase. Reference List Arruada, B., Hansen, S. (2015). Organizing public good provision: Lessons from Managerial Accounting.International Review of Law and Economics,42, 185-191. Brady, T., Burrows, R. (2013). An Instructional Case For Courses In Financial Accounting, Auditing, Managerial Accounting, Ethics, And Fraud Examination.Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS),9(4), 337-342. Islam, J., Hu, H. (2012). A review of literature on contingency theory in managerial accounting.African journal of business management,6(15), 5159. Khalil, M., Simon, J. (2014). Efficient contracting, earnings smoothing and managerial accounting discretion.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,15(1), 100-123. Kwak, W., Shi, Y., Lee, C. F., Lee, H. (2015). Group Decision-Making Tools for Managerial Accounting and Finance Applications. InHandbook of Financial Econometrics and Statistics(pp. 791-840). Springer New York. Needles, B., Crosson, S. (2013).Managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Tinter Abbey Essay Example For Students

Tinter Abbey Essay Analysis of Tintern AbbeyWhereas most individuals tend to see nature as a playhouse that should alter and self-destruct to their every need, William Wordsworth had a very different view. Wordsworth perceived nature as a sanctuary where his views of life, love, and his creator were eventually altered forever. The intensity of Wordsworths passion for nature elevated him from a boy into the inspiring man and poet in which he is recognized to be today. One of the most compelling works Wordsworth ever devised was that of Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The poem enlightens the reader on the awesome power and depth of nature, which Wordsworth has discovered in his trials and tribulations upon the earth. Thus, to full understand the significance of nature in all lives told through Lines Composed A few Miles Above Tintern Abbey one must understand the setting and mood, as well as comprehend the rhyme scheme, and use of many diverse poetic devices that interact within the poem the poem. We will write a custom essay on Tinter Abbey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One is able to gain insight into Lines Composed a Few Lines Above Tintern Abbey by first trying to understand the mood and setting of the poem. Although it is a miniature of the long poem Wordsworth never quite wrote (Robyn Young p.409) it lacked nothing as far as depth and intensity goes. Wordsworth was very skilled in such areas, although his writing may be come very complex it is said that it was a result of the spontaneous overflow of emotion (Gale Net). Wordsworth wrote this poem, as cited by Wordsworth without any part of it was written down till I reached Bristol (F.W. Bateson p.191). Wordsworth was a firm believer that man should find an immanent force that unites them with their physical and spiritual environments (Jan Shoemaker p.1). As Wordsworth revisits this beloved place of his (Tintern Abbey) he is reminded of how he once perceived this sanctuary. Wordsworth attempts to compare and contrast two worlds, Brian Barbour states Wordsworths basic strategy is to appeal to the spiritual while remaining entirely within the natural order(Barbour p.154). When he was a young child he came to this valley using it as his own personal playground. He never gave nature the respect and praise that it so deserved. He just saw nature through a young childs eyes; he saw a tree in which to climb, grass in which was simply to frolic in. The cliffs, springs, and the sky were merely there for his pleasure; never did Wordsworth begin to see nature for what it really was. Wordsworth grew and changed dramatically maturing spiritually, mentally and physically. In his maturing he began to see more of what nature really had to offer him. During his last visit before he would leave for five long years, Wordsworth realized natures true beauty and respected and praised it. He had finally realized that one could only find God in his purest form in his own most perfect creation Nature. Harold Bloom states The visible body of Nature is more then a outer testimony of the Spirit of Go d to him; it is our only way to God (Modern p.4). He had learned that nature was the true sanctuary for God, not some man made church, the lord didnt intend us to worship him in a man made structure, which defaced his creations where he dwelled. Wordsworth realized that his fellow man has strayed from God by getting caught up in all the material things in which our society provides us and this deeply saddened him. Brian Barbour informs us that the human mind was building a world in which the human spirit could not live (Brian Barbour p.154). Wordsworth now realized that this place has in so many ways kept him in touch with his creator and with his inner self. Once that Wordsworth returns from this journey he comes to his place of sanctuary to find that he once again sees it in a whole different perspective. When he is upon his valley he is over whelmed with gratitude. He is in a sense in awe and as Stephen Gill states he is utterly intoxicated with nature (Stephen Gill P. 10). He re alizes that what was once thought his playground is actually the playground of God. He feels ashamed that he could at one time not realized what natures true purpose is. He now knows that nature is not something that should not be destroyed and replaced with houses, streets, and buildings, but rather something that should be greatly admired and respected for all its beauty. There was a time when he saw nature with just the naked eye but now he views nature with all his senses so he can grasp its true beauty. This place not only changed the way he lived and perceived his life, but it also changed his ways of writing. Once he could grasp the true beauty of nature he was able to relate his life, love, and his surrounding in general to it. Therefore, the mood was one of the main driving forces of the poem. The poem was written with a very descriptive and effective outline of the setting, which added to the intensity of the poem. Harold Bloom states although it is written as the present Tintern Abbey, as a poem, ends with so emphatic an emphasis upon memory (Modern p.132). The setting is mainly talked about in the first paragraph, Brain Barbour states paragraph one presents the world of nature (Brian Barbour p.152). Barbour also sell the reader that Wordsworth believes the basis of region in ultimately in himself (Barbour p.161). In the first paragraph Geoffery H. Hartman states that Wordsworth feels the drawn-out words express a mind that remains in somewhat of a sad perplexity, a mind that tries to locate in time what is lost (Geoffrey H. Hartman p.29). The setting of the poem is in the Wye Valley with a view of the church of Tintern Abbey in the distance. He had a place positioned under a tree where he would come to repeatedly to sit and reflect on his life. These surroundings easily engulfed Wordsworth and made him in a sense drunk on nature. The Wye Valley is said to be a place of great beauty in which one could easily begin to question themselves about what they know and understand about the awesome tranquility and peacefulness of nature. Although one may feel the need to readily describe the surroundings of the Wye Valley, Wordsworth keeps the setting very much generalized. Wordsworth just simply gave the obvious characteristics of the valley not enough to capture the true physical beauty of it. One can derive from the poem that it was written or speaks about a time during the spring months. Unripe fruits and hardly hedgerows (Tintern Abbey lines 15) indicate that this takes place during a time where fruits are just beginning their growth. Wordsworth also speaks of plots of cottage-ground (Tintern Abbey line 11), in, which he refers to fields in which ones plants. Orchards in which life has just begun to spring from were present in the valley, which also in dicates new growth. All of this to Wordsworth is a reminder of the renewal and change that surrounds him every day, and inspires him to rejoice in the fact that he too has renewed his life, love, and beliefs along with the rebirthing cycles of nature. The scenery all around him is new and green; everything is starting over, full of life and the anticipation to grow. Wordsworth recognized this and the fact that he too has change from his last visit, and this fills him with inspiration to learn and love more. In summary Wordsworth use the setting in such a way to paint a vivid picture in the readers mind.Wordsworth used a type on rhyme scheme that is not present in many poems of his time but the lack a popularity of the format does not affect the magnificence of the poem. Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey was written in blank verse, which consists of unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse imitates the rhythms of natural speech(Gale Net). Each line is composed of five iam bs, which are units consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is usually rhymed but Wordsworth made up for his lack in rhyming with his great use of various poetic devices. Wordsworth used the phrase, and the (Gale Net), several times through out the poem, the recitation of the phrase is intended to produce a hypnotic effect. (Gale Net p.2). Whether Wordsworth wanted his reader to in a sense feel the powerful hypnotic abilities of nature or whether he wanted his reader to feel as though he did, utterly intoxicated by nature (Stephen Gill p.10). Wordworths usage of incantation is not very noticeable unless one really understands the points that he is trying to make. There are also several instances in which Wordsworth uses alliteration in the poem. Alliteration is the repetition of the same constant sounds or different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in the stressed syllables. Brian Barbour states that verse paragraphs one and t wo are each independent, yet they play off one another as statement and response (Brain Barbour p.152). Barbour also informs the reader that the fourth verse paragraph will be to defend what has been defined and challenged, and paragraph five will proclaim that there is a social dimension to all he has presented (Brain Barbour p. 153). In the first paragraph which consists of lines 1 through 22, the predominate sound that one tends to hear while reading is the s sound. This in a way gives the reader the sense of being upon the hill with the whirling winds and the distant roar of the ocean along with the Wye River. Sent up, in silence, from among the trees With some uncertain notice, as might seem of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermits cave, where by his fire the Hermit sits alone. (Tintern Abbey lines l9-22). In the second paragraph along with the predominant s sound Wordsworth uses the w in a small portion to somewhat enhance the effect of the wind. The thir d paragraph, which consists of lines 50 through 57 the predominant sound is that of f which can be interpreted as another wind effect but could also be the sound of leaves. This use alliteration indicates his position under a tree where he sits to admire the Wye Valley when the fretful stir unprofitable, and the fever of the world. (Tintern Abbey lines 52-53). It is believed that in the later part of his poem the alliteration slows down and eventually stops, because he becomes engulfed in the deeper aspects of the poem rather than the physical and mental descriptions of the place he is. Wordsworth cannot help but to be marveled by the magnifiance of the external nature, along with the deeper lining of his environment. The combination of the two impresses a vivid picture of love, life, and spirituality in his head. In summary his use on blank verse and alliteration as well as incantation greatly allows the reader to experience the poem on several levels. .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .postImageUrl , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:hover , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:visited , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:active , .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28 .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6f9a9ef9155fc72004efc22889ef28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Management Techniques For The Red-Cockaded Woodpec EssayWordsworth also uses symbolism to his advantage to increase the readers enjoyment. Wordsworth uses symbolism very often in this poem, it is sometimes not seen at first glance because mainly lies in the underlining of the poem. Brian Barbour states Nature plus thought leads to purified feeling (Brian Barbour p. 153).During his boyish days Wordsworth saw nature as simply something for his own entertainment, not something that should be discovered in entirely different level. Brain Barbour describes at this time words worth unwittingly, foregone the hierarchy of faculties and lived by appetite, not by reason (Brian Barbo ur p.163). Five years ago when he first began to notice his surrounding for what they really were, he saw nature as a place which mankind had strayed from. Wordsworth saw what the earth was meant to be, without all of mans corruptions and faults. Now that he is back in the present day, Wordsworth sees nature as a sanctuary, a place of God. It is here that he truly found his creator and all his glory, and now nature will forever be his safe haven to escape from all the worldly corruptions Therefore the use of symbolism greatly enhanced the diversity of the poem. Wordsworth was a man of many talents; he was able to use many poetic devices to the full potential one of the greatest attributes to the poem was the use of imagery and that of allusion. Wordsworth used imagery with great precision and perfection. Wordsworth is able to portray the nature in various ways; Harold Bloom says that Wordsworth believes that nature is not an object to be seen, but a ubiquitous presence to be felt(Blooms p.37). In the beginning of the poem he says, These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs with a soft inland murmur-Once again do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs. This has the ability to paint a very vivid picture in ones mind. Wordsworths Tintern Abbey has always and forever will be a poetic piece of great creativity. Wordsworths creative usage of allusion plays a very important role in the poem. Brian Barbour states What Wordsworth has done, with audacious wit, is to make nature replace grace: nature not grace, not grace, is the source (and so o n) of the moral life Brian Barbour p.165). He is able to use this device in many forms, which enables us to look past the written words to discover the deeper meaning behind them. In the first paragraph Wordsworth is describing the setting and partially the mood, but beyond that he is describing the fact that he has become engulfed and grounded in nature. He tells us how nature has forever been a part of his makeup and always will be due to what he has now discovered. Wordsworth implies also in the first paragraph that mankind and nature as well as the past and present should be harmonized. Wordsworth goes on in the poem to imply that he now has taken all faith out of the worldly things that he once cherished and placed them into nature itself. Wordsworth also tries to tell us that unlike the material things of mankind, nature is our only restorative source. In the last paragraph Wordsworth refers to his My dear, dear Friend, (line ll6) the individual he is referring to is his siste r. He was very close to his sister throughout his life, in this paragraph, Wordsworth is implying to his sister, What I have already experienced you will experience; what nature has ministered to me, she will, in future, minister to you. The same moral benevolence will form in you. (Brian Barbour p. l66) In summary Wordsworth greatly added to the depth of Tintern Abbey with the use of allusions. .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .postImageUrl , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:hover , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:visited , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:active { border:0!important; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:active , .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534 .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b3fde1c2a1d12c31cd85ec163d0d534:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rubin v Coors Brewing Co EssayIn order to understand Wordsworths Lines Composed a Few Miles Above TinternAbbey one must be able to identify with the favorable setting, inspiring mood, grasp the significance of the many poetic devices and discern between what is pure in entirety and what is tainted among us, which has the sole intention to corrupt. The reader viewpoint of nature in a sense is altered, as Wordsworth is erudite about the wonders of our mother nature. One must learn to live in harmony with nature to fully understand our true character and to enjoy the gracious gifts of natural world that have so graciously bestowed upon us all. Works CitedBarbour, Brian. Between Two Worlds. Nineteenth-Century Literature. California Press(1993): 14 7-168Bateson, F.W. Wordsworth a Re-Interpretation. London: Lowe and Brydone (Printers) Limited, 1956. Bloom, Harold. Blooms Major Poets. Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Gill, Stephen. A Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Hartman, Geoffery H. The Unremarkable Wordsworth. Vol. 34. Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1987. Shoemaker, Jan. Bill and Gus. Online http://FirstSearch.oclc.org. Jan 27, 2000. Wordsworth, William. Detroit: Gale Company, 1999. Online Exploring Poetry. Feb 22, 2000. Wordsworth, William. Lines Composed. Online http://www.library.com/poems, Feb 29, 2000Young, Robyn V. Poetry Criticism. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale Company, 1992

Cointelpro essays

Cointelpro essays The United Sates Federal Bureau of Investigation put together a counterintelligence program or Cointelpro to investigate and disrupt political dissent within the United States. Cointelpro operations targeted organizations that were thought to have politically radical movements. It started in 1956 and went on until 1971. During the Cold War, the communist and socialist party were targeted by FBI counterintelligence, whose purpose was not only to investigate, but take actions to neutralize any political dissent. As the years went by, the FBIs focus shifted to emerging anti-war and civil rights groups. These groups were thought of as communist front organizations. The largest cointelpro campaigns targeted the Social Workers Party, the New Left (which included many anti-war groups such as Students for a Democratic Society and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), and Black nationalists groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Nation of Islam. Other groups targeted were the American Indian Movement, Feminists, and gay and lesbian groups. The methods that were used in cointelpro were: infiltration, psychological warfare, harassment through the legal system, and illegal force and violence. The FBI would try to infiltrate organizations by becoming members so they could find out information from the inside. They would use psychological warfare by spreading misinformation and making anonymous letters and phone calls. One of the FBIs most harmful tactics in cointelpro was harassment through the legal system. They presented false evidence and gave perjured testimony against some activists, while they falsely arrested and imprisoned others. The FBI would also use illegal force and violence to intimidate political dissidents. An example of a cointelpro tactic is the Black Panther Party coloring book that was created by the FBI and sent to sponsors of the organ ...

Police Association of New Orleans v. City of New orleans Case Study

Police Association of New Orleans v. City of New orleans - Case Study Example The new system offered better base salary, better equipment facilities for street personnel, high power rifles, additional state supplemental pay, and a range of other improved facilities. The PANO could effectively deal with various obstacles and perform a prominent role in organizing other police unions throughout the south. Background In the middle of 1980s, a group of African-American police officers claimed that policies related to promotion and hiring in New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) were discriminatory. In order to solve this issue, the City of New Orleans agreed to issue a decree for the African-American police officers on May 27, 1987 (Justia.com). The term ‘decree’ means a rule of law that is issued by someone in authority within the legal system. Generally, decree is issued by the head of state. Although, a decree does not constitute all the features of an order, this particular degree represents certain specific procedures. The main intention of this d ecree was to ensure equal employment opportunities in NOPD and thereby eliminate all sorts of racial discrimination practices. Obviously, the decree brought considerable modifications in the NOPD’s promotion procedures mainly with the aim to increase the opportunities for the advancement of African-American officers. The proposed decree enforced the creation of supernumerary positions. However, a group of officers who are not African-American raised voice against this provision. In order to comply with the framed stipulation structure, PANO informed NOPD its need to maintain additional regular sergeant positions. The City has made certain adjustments in the administration of sergeant appointment in order to give equal priority to African-American officers and other officers. As a result of this practice, the city could maintain a total of 16 new sergeants, out of which six African-American officers were from Band 6 and ten non African-American officers were from Band 5. The P ANO and other 24 police officers who were not African-American alleged that the City dealt with certain transfers and promotions in a manner that violated the intention of the decree. In fact, all the 24 police officers who opposed the move were already in Band 5 of the Commission’s promotional register, and hence, according to them, promoting the Band 6 African-Americans adversely affected the employment opportunity of those 24 individual officers. The plaintiffs argued that the transfers and promotions that were exercised on 31st December 1993 were a blatant violation of the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article I, Section 3 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974† (Findlaw). The district court found that the promotions and transfer practices of the City on 31st December 1993 were against the decree and fundamental laws of the US constitution. Although, the district court gave the City an oppo rtunity to find an effective remedy that would correct the identified violations, the City could not frame a potential remedy within the specified date. As a result, the court ordered the City to pay $5,000 per day as fine until the City brought a reasonable solution to the issue. The City proposed another remedy soon, but that too was judged unsatisfactory by the court. After a series

Sport and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Sport and media - Essay Example Therefore, twitter and the like of Facebook and Instagram have become a powerful tool more than any other news medium. For sports journalism, Twitter does not only provide a medium of relying messages, but also it is a source of information from influential people in leadership and corporate bodies. Moreover, Twitter allows people to respond to news bite and express tier feeling on any particular topic that is relayed to them. It thus becomes efficiently for journalist to follow-up on their stories and get back with an informed judgment (Sanderson & Hambrick, 2012). Moreover, because journalist has focused on framing as a practice to shape what people perceives of the news, it has become efficient for this to happen via Twitter because it target specific group of people. In conclusion, the use of social media has had a great influence in the sport as was evidenced by the reporting of Penn State University Story. It demonstrated that Twitter and other social sites offer interaction as well as delivering news. It thus has become convenient for both journalist and the consumers as it does not require too much spending and resources to convey messages. Sanderson, J., & Hambrick, M. E. (2012). Covering the Scandal in 140 Characters: A Case Study of Twitters Role in Coverage of the Penn Stage Saga. International Journal of Sport Communication,

The Importance Of A Sports Doctor

The Importance Of A Sports Doctor A sports doctor is a type of doctor who pursues in the prevention and treatment of injuries that affiliated with sports athletic activity. In professional sports, a sports medicine will be in group with a specific team and will be paid to care for the health for athletes. Sports doctors are most frequently associated with injuries to the joints, bones, and muscles. They focus primarily on injuries and conditions of the feet and legs are called orthopedic procedure. Sports doctors also work in athletic internal medicine, which concentrates on cardiac rehabilitation, lung performance, and circulatory issues combined with exertion. Sports Doctor Background A sports doctor studies health employing medical and scientific knowledge to prevent, observe, manage, and recover sports injuries. Exercise and sports science is the study of physiology and biomechanics that relates to the ability of the human body to adapt to movement and physical activity. When students graduated from studying exercise and sports science programs, they usually have big educational backgrounds because they can in both clinical and academic settings. Students who have a degree in sports science can also lead to career opportunities in fitness instruction, sports medical research, and nutrition. What Sports Doctor Focus On? A sports doctor focuses a lot on the medical phase of physical activity. Professionals of sports medicine, who work in the NFL, NBA, and other professional sports, train in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries that happen during sporting events, athletic training, and physical activities. It does not mean sports medicine degree can be involve the courses in injury prevention, analysis, therapy, and management, but it will involve understanding how illnesses and disease meets health and physical performance on injured athletes. If you earn a degree in sports medicine, it can lead a new career opportunities in athletic training, personal training, physical therapy, diet nutrition etc. You would work with some teams to help athletes and active people carry on the optimal health of becoming a sports medicine. Educational Requirements for Sports Doctors Sports doctors are fully trained medical doctor who would focus on sports medicine. In order to become a sports doctor, they have to do the same requirement of training before they can proceed. Sports doctor will need a Bachelors Degree to pursue in medical residency and school. In residency level, sports doctors are very determined but they can educate their focus on pre-med with great understanding of what elective courses will be best for their future career goals. Curriculum for sports medicine majors are: Physiology, Practicum in Athletic Training, Motor Development and Learning, Sports Psychology, Rehabilitation of Athletic Injuries, and Nutritional Science. Preparing for Sports Science and Sports Medicine School For becoming a sports medicine, you must require a college. Healthcare professionals, who concentrate in sport medical, draw seriously on scientific knowledge in a degree program. The class students will have a combination of math, medical, and science courses so that they can have all the training theyll need. Before making the decision on enrolling in sports medicine degree program, you should give some careful thoughts of personal interests and career goals. Students are often engage to the field of sports medicine because they have an enjoyment for sports. They should also have a serious interest in science and medicine and be willing to study hard in order to dedicate their studies to serve the needs of other athletes and active people. Successful sports healthcare professionals enjoy helping others, have an affinity for physiology and science, and possess a strong commitment to advancing and improving the health and physical capabilities of others. Successful sports healthcare professionals enjoy helping others and have a likeness for physiology and science, and acquire a strong commitment to advancing and improving the health and physical capabilities of others. A degree in sports medicine will require intensive and advanced studies of biology, biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, and other fields of science and math. With the strong fundamental skills in sciences and math, it will help them develop the skills they need in sports medicine college degree program. Job opportunities in the field are abundant and various for sports medicine. It can often be difficult to decide exactly on what kinds of sports science college students would like to study. If students are having trouble deciding exactly which path to take, they should try conducting sports healthcare professionals in the workplace. They can take an opportunity to ask acknowledged questions about the field to the professionals because they would like to give advice, guidance, and ideas about job o pportunities in the field. This can really help themselves focus on their own studies and choices of becoming a sports medicine. Once college students have made a decision to pursue a career in this field, they will make sure they know the differences between sports medicine degree programs to find an appropriate interest and goals. When they have gathered a lot of information about the options of becoming a sports medicine, the best information will be their best decision depending on their choice. Certificate Programs in Sports Fitness Sports and fitness certificate programs are options for new college students, current athletic trainers, nutritionists, and other professionals who want to develop a new set of skills. Certificate programs will teach students how to apply accepted physical and psychological theory for the world of sports to see most professional careers in this field are requires having college degree, but students can transfer their completed certificate credits to a Associate or Bachelors Degree program that will allow them to continue there studies on becoming a sports medicine. Associate Degrees in Sports Fitness In Associate Degrees, students must complete two years of class that will allow them an access to the fundamentals of sports science or they may train players in a specific part, like exercise science and fitness. If students want to study on advance careers in sport medicine, they must have a bachelors degree with the certificate programs. It can be possible to transfer the credits if they earned and minimize their time to a degree. Associate degrees are qualified to graduate for entry-level positions of sports and fitness. Many students choose to earn these degrees because they can move on directly into the workforce and then earn a bachelors degree when they get there. Bachelors Degrees in Sports Fitness After students earned the Associates Degree, they must earn a Bachelor of Science degree because it is the minimum requirement for employment of sports medicine professions. Mostly, earning a Bachelor of Science in sports science needs to have four years of academic study in college. These degree programs acknowledge the general concepts of physiology, medical science, nutrition, health, and related training. Many schools offer different occupations like physical therapy, athletic training, and nutrition. Masters Degrees in Sports Fitness After four years of study experience to earn a bachelors degree, students can work up to earn a Master of Science degree. The Masters Degree can let them do advanced training in achieve of progressing upper-level job opportunities. There are many healthcare professionals that pursue a Master of Science degree with a study in many different kinds of sports science, such as human movement, sports psychology, sports science, etc. Masters Degree, in sports and fitness, introduce students with advanced scientific concepts and procedures that will qualify them to better serve the needs of athletes and injured individuals. It also encourages them on focusing their knowledge, abilities and skills in a way that will make them grateful successors for advanced positions. It is their decision if students who want to pursue on earning a Masters Degree while to continue working full-time. They could earn more money than a Bachelors Degree. (World Wide Learn, Guide to College Majors in Sports Medic ine Science) Other Advanced Sports Medicine and Sports Science Degrees After students earn a certificate, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, and Masters Degree, they can choose to become a Medical Doctor degree and be into a sports medicine or surgical specialties. They can earn this degree to work in professional sports, like NFL, NBA, or etc. There are many students who are interested in helping, counseling, and monitoring the mental health of professional athletes and would likely to succeed in PhD program that focuses on sports psychology and psychiatry. Students can also choose to be Sports Doctor of Education, which would mainly be interested in teaching and advising sports science to new students who want to become a sport medicine. Trends for Sports Science and Sports Medicine Careers Professional athletes from colleges and high school can continue to push themselves to perform a better, faster, and stronger body. As personal trainers and nutritionists careers increases, there will be opportunities for employment in the healthcare field. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) predicts that fitness and recreation professionals, physical therapists, and athletic trainers, will grow faster than average over the next decade, and athletes and coaches will continue to grow, while nutritionists and dieticians will grow at an average rate. Salary Expectations for Careers in Sports Medicine and Sports Science According to the BLS, the median salary for fitness instructors was $25,910 in 2006. Coaches and scouts took $26,950, while nutritionists and dietitians earned $46,980. The median salary for physical therapists is approximately $66,200 per year. Salaries and earnings depend on the level of education, location of job, and experience. (World Wide Learn, Guide to College Majors in Sports Medicine Science) Certification and Licensure Areas of sports medicine or sports science are needed to acquire a certification. Students need to plan a way to acquire the certification for their workplace of sports medicine or sports science. The most popular sports certifications are: the Board of Certification (BOC) certification for athletic trainers, the American College of Sports Medicine Certified Personal Trainer certification (cPT) and the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) certification. (World Wide Learn, Guide to College Majors in Sports Medicine Science)

The Effects of Industrialization on Norway’s Economy, Environment and P

The Effects of Industrialization on Norway’s Economy, Environment and Population Up until the beginning of the twentieth century, Norwegians were primarily fisherman and farmers. The fishing industry has been the basis of life and culture in Norway for hundreds of years. The fishing industry is still very important in Norway, however the discovery of oil in the North Sea has had a huge impact on the Norwegian economy and culture. Oil discoveries in the North Sea have made Norway a wealthy nation. Since the discovery of oil, Norway has become a highly industrialized country. Today, Norway has become very modern and technologically advanced. Industrialization is defined as, â€Å" To develop industry in (a country or society, for example)†. [30] The industry that is primarily being developed in Norway is oil. This industrialization has not only effected Norway’s economy but also its population and environment. Industry has brought a lot of jobs to Norway and many Norwegians are moving to Norway’s urban areas to be close to these jobs. More than 90,000 people work in the oil industry today. Around 20,000 are shift workers on the oil and gas platforms in the North and Norwegian Seas, Norway’s two main oil and gas-producing areas.[29] Unemployment in Norway is at an all time low. Immigration to Norway has increased because of the many job opportunities that the oil industry has brought to Norway. In my paper I will talk about the many ways in which industrialization has impacted Norway’s economy, population and environment. I think this is relevant to the class because it will entail discussions on immigration, economy, and population. Norway’s population grew more rapidly during the 19th century than during any oth... ...l obal+%2Bwarming+%2Bnorway&oq=&url=http%3A//www.dieoff.org/page129.htm&ti =The+Carbon+Bomb%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+Fate+of+the+Northern+Boreal+F orests&top=1486 [23] Greenpeace .org http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/ [24] UDI http://www.udi.no/zengelsk/3834/index.html [25] A Place in the World Edited by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess [26] Away.com http://away.com/frames/lp.tcl?type=history&lp_region_id=310&page_id=01&page_locat ion= [27] Conde Nast Traveler http://www.concierge.com/run/concierge/OverviewDetail?geo_uid=5142 [28] Contemporary Review Magazine, May 1997 http://www.britannica.com/bcom/magazine/article/0,5744,239651,00.html?query=epz%2 0manufacturing [29] ODIN http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/economy/032005-990443/index-dok000-b-n-a.html [30] Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=industrialization

Chinese Literature Essay

2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in. writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date [La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literature, ancient and classical / by Andre Levy ; translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese literature—History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 1’09—dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00. For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents ix Preface 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Antiquity 5 I. Origins II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2: Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Return of the â€Å"Ancient Style† III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: Poetry 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1. The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: Literature of Entertainment: The Novel and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in Classical Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The â€Å"Long Novel† or Saga Index 151 Translator’s Preface. I first became- interested in translating Andre Levy’s history of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levy’s approach, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately thought about translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like many plans, this one was set aside. Last spring, however, when the panel on our field’s desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the major needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levy’s original text), I revived my interest in this translation. I proposed the book to John Gallman, Director of Indiana University Press, and John approved it almost immediately-but, not before warning me that this kind of project can take much more time than the translator originally envisions. Although I respect John’s experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of trouble could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon found out. Professor Levy had originally written a much longer manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier’s La Litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948)’ in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series. This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it ‘Several decades ago Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York: Walker, 1964). x Translator’s Preface was decided to publish the Levy â€Å"appendix† as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was then asked to cut his manuscript by one-third. As a result, he was sometimes forced to presume in his audience certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not have. For this reason, working carefully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the â€Å"Suggested Further Reading† sections at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes). I also discovered that re-translating Professor Levy’s French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of â€Å"distance education. † So I have translated almost all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levy’s French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many people who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and support of this translation. Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there are no doubt others! ), and offered comments in a long series of letters over the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would never have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translator’s Preface xi about the Chinese texts: Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shu—yuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*. They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts. My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin through the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levy’s text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Year’s Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that â€Å"the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in its  infancy? â€Å"‘ Yes and no. There has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first-followed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not taken note of an evolution in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying both â€Å"literature† and â€Å"civilization,† placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred. Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of â€Å"seriousness† or its â€Å"vulgarity,† was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology. Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese â€Å"high† literature is based on a â€Å"hard core† of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,’Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, â€Å"Introduction,† La litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5; â€Å"Que sais—je,† no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court. Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was known as the jinshi A ± or â€Å"presented scholar† examination (because successful candidates were â€Å"presented† to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy. Thus the memorization of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This â€Å"classical† language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese. The spoken language, also labeled â€Å"vulgar,† has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and qualified as â€Å"classics† only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic ideals: lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other. We conclude by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their surnames, which are always given first, a great variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum; thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible: When other names are used, the standard ming will be  given in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to establish a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary â€Å"stars,† and to reduce the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original. The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres: after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the common culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of â€Å"high† classical literature, then the description of the art most esteemed by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater. Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today. The term â€Å"antiquity† applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break around 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but â€Å"prefectural† government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the contribution of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries. The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps twelfth century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a â€Å"living fossil,† has neither entered modern times nor participated in â€Å"the global civilization† that started with the Opium War of 1840. Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach. I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes. Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are necessarily short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones; the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface. Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Ch’in dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly â€Å"revised† by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts. The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a â€Å"fascicle. † The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviner’s speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C. They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on â€Å"stone and bronze† have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as five-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor. Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. â€Å"Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! † This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the â€Å"hundred schools. † The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ). The â€Å"hundred schools† came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly). The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the â€Å"Chinese Socrates,† Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius. It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, â€Å"ink,† referred to the tattooing of  a convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight. The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zi’s mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in: There is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi: Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him: â€Å"A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by [his crony] the carpenter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind: the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose. The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the sovereign of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, â€Å"Try then to do it again for Us. † The carpenter responded, â€Å"Your servant is capable of doing it; however, the material that he made use of died long ago. † After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material: I no longer have anyone to talk to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues. They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached â€Å"non-action,† involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their â€Å"Machiavellianism,† the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4] (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973. A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles; they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdote—it is inserted without commentary into the â€Å"intrigues† (or â€Å"slips†) of the state of Chu: The King of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her; it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes. In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it: a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than I—it is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival: â€Å"The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. † Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, â€Å"I know. † â€Å"Even if it is unpleasant, tell me! † insisted the king. â€Å"She does not like your odor. † â€Å"The brazen hussy! † cried the sovereign. â€Å"Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order! † Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong. Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal; some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative: When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little gate next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate. The King of Chu received him and said to him: â€Å"Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? † â€Å"How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. † â€Å"But then why have you been sent? † â€Å"The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign; I am the most unworthy. . . .† 2. Legalism. The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient â€Å"Legalist† would be the artisan of Qi’s hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan). The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century. Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form: It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears. Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming; without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, â€Å"Suan di†) Shang Yang’s prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation. The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The â€Å"artifice† of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the brilliant theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites: it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The â€Å"rites†-culture-are necessary for socialization. Xun Zi’s Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five â€Å"parasites† or â€Å"vermin:† the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans). 3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of consolation for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school. The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese work—and the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or â€Å"The Old Master†), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this â€Å"testament† as he departed the Chinese world via the Xian’gu Pass for the West. In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries: the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical  ours: a De dao jing â€Å"1,M1# § (Classic of Power and the Way). Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations: He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know (#56). Govern a great state as you would fry small fish! (#60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (#63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang # -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called â€Å"the inner chapters,† are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called â€Å"the outer chapters,† and the final ten â€Å"miscellaneous chapters. † It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned: Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.